Preheat oven to 350°F. Grease a 2-quart baking dish; set aside. In a large pot of well-salted water, cook the pasta according to the package directions for 1 minute less than al dente. Drain.
While the pasta cooks, brown the ground beef and onion in a large skillet over medium heat until the meat is no longer pink, about 5-7 minutes. Add the garlic; cook for 1 more minute. Drain off the excess fat. Stir in the marinara, diced tomatoes with their juices, Italian seasoning, and sugar.
Add the cooked, drained pasta to the beef mixture. Taste and season with kosher salt and ground black pepper. If you'd like the mixture "saucier," stir in some (or all) of the remaining marinara sauce that's left in the jar. Transfer to the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle the shredded cheese on top.
Microwave the butter in a medium microwaveable bowl on high until melted, about 25 seconds. Stir in the panko and Parmesan until fully coated; sprinkle evenly over the casserole.
Bake, uncovered, for about 25 minutes, or until the topping is golden brown and the inside of the casserole is heated through.