Preheat oven to 400°F. Line a large, rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper or aluminum foil. Arrange the eggplant, zucchini, and garlic on the prepared pan. Drizzle with 1 tablespoon of olive oil; toss to coat. Season with Italian seasoning, and salt and pepper to taste. Roast in the oven for 10 minutes.
Add the bell pepper, onion, mushrooms, and tomatoes to the pan with the eggplant. Drizzle with another 1 tablespoon of olive oil, and season with additional salt and pepper, as well as a pinch of red pepper flakes. Toss to coat. Return the vegetables to the oven for 20-30 more minutes, until everything is tender and starting to brown. Stir the pan halfway through.
While the vegetables roast in the oven, cook the pasta in a large pot of well salted boiling water according to package directions for al dente. Reserve about ½ cup of the pasta cooking water. Drain the pasta, and then return it to the pot.
Stir the pesto sauce and the butter into the pasta. Cook over low heat, just until the butter melts and the pasta is coated in the warm sauce. Gradually add some of the pasta cooking water, if needed. Stir the roasted vegetables into the pasta; toss gently to combine. Taste and season with additional salt and pepper, if desired. Serve immediately, and garnish with fresh basil and freshly grated Parmesan.